He then used restraint, electric shock, and withholding of food and water to force the monkeys to use the deafferented parts of their bodies. Taub had been cutting sensory ganglia that supplied nerves to the monkeys' fingers, hands, arms, and legs-a process called "deafferentation"-so that the monkeys could not feel them some of the monkeys had had their entire spinal columns deafferented. Pacheco had taken a job in May 1981 inside a primate research laboratory at the institute, intending to gain firsthand experience of working inside an animal laboratory. The case led to the first police raid in the United States on an animal laboratory, triggered an amendment in 1985 to the United States Animal Welfare Act, and became the first animal-testing case to be appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which upheld a Louisiana State Court ruling that denied PETA's request for custody of the monkeys. The group first came to public attention in 1981 during the Silver Spring monkeys case, a dispute about experiments conducted by researcher Edward Taub on 17 macaque monkeys inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. PETA distributed images of the monkeys with the caption, "This is vivisection.
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